AP®︎ US History: Topic 9.5 Flashcards

Migration is movement within a country; immigration is movement into a country from abroad

Population growth caused by births exceeding deaths, rather than by migration or immigration

The growing South and West, where jobs, lower costs, warm weather, retirement, and federal spending attracted migrants and increased regional influence

Older industrial areas of the Northeast and Midwest weakened by deindustrialization and the decline of heavy-industry employment

Redistribution of House seats after each census; population growth shifted seats and electoral votes toward southern and western states

Push factors drive people from an origin, while pull factors attract them to a destination

Ended national-origins quotas and prioritized family reunification and occupational skills, encouraging increased immigration from Latin America and Asia

Process in which immigrants sponsor close relatives who may later become eligible to sponsor additional family members

Created a more systematic federal process for admitting people fleeing persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution

A refugee seeks protection from outside the United States; an asylum seeker requests comparable protection at the border or from within the country

Legalized about 2.7 million qualifying unauthorized immigrants and prohibited knowingly employing unauthorized workers, but did not end unauthorized immigration

Raised legal immigration ceilings, expanded employment-based immigration, and created the diversity visa program

Communities whose migrants maintain family, economic, political, and cultural connections across national borders

Money migrants send to relatives in their countries of origin

The 1994 agreement integrating the U.S., Mexican, and Canadian economies; it expanded trade but disrupted some Mexican farms and local markets

Southeastern, Great Plains, and Midwestern communities that developed growing Latino populations through meatpacking, construction, agriculture, and service employment

An ethnic classification, not a race; by the early 2000s Hispanics or Latinos were the largest U.S. minority population measured by the census

The misleading idea that Asian Americans are uniformly prosperous and professionally successful, obscuring differences and poverty among communities

A person living in the United States without current authorization, after unlawful entry or expiration of a valid visa

A 1994 initiative seeking to deny most state services to unauthorized immigrants; courts blocked it, but it mobilized Latino voters and hurt California Republicans

A 2012 executive policy granting eligible unauthorized immigrants brought as children temporary protection from removal and work authorization, not permanent status

President whose administration established DACA in 2012 after Congress failed to enact comprehensive immigration reform

The largest source of post-1980 immigration, led by Mexico and driven by wage differences, labor demand, family networks, and political or criminal violence

Increased immigration through family, employment, education, and refugee channels, especially from China, India, the Philippines, Korea, and Vietnam