AP®︎ US History: Topic 1.6 Flashcards

Each side interpreted the other through its own assumptions, causing conflicting understandings of trade, treaties, religion, land, and political authority

Europeans promoted exclusive Christianity and conversion, while diverse Native traditions often connected spiritual power to nature, ancestors, landscapes, and communal ceremonies

Catholic institutions intended to convert Native peoples and transform their ceremonies, family practices, labor, and community authority

The blending or coexistence of beliefs and practices from different religious traditions, such as Indigenous traditions and Christianity

Europeans favored permanent, exclusive, transferable private property, while many Native systems emphasized layered use rights, communal obligations, seasonal access, and stewardship

Europeans generally favored patriarchal nuclear households, while many Native societies relied on extended kinship networks in which women could hold substantial economic and political authority

A society in which descent, clan identity, and certain inheritance or property rights pass through the mother's line

Europeans expected hierarchical territorial rule by powerful monarch-like leaders, while Native authority could depend on councils, kinship, consensus, persuasion, or confederation

Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans adopted useful goods, knowledge, and practices from one another without necessarily accepting the other's authority or entire culture

Interpreters, traders, converts, captives, missionaries, or intermarried people who mediated languages, diplomacy, kinship expectations, religion, and political interests

Indigenous interpreter, diplomatic intermediary, and adviser whose linguistic and political knowledge helped Cortés build alliances during the conquest of Mexico

Spanish conquistador whose small force conquered the Mexica Empire with crucial assistance from Malintzin and Indigenous allies such as the Tlaxcalans

Indigenous enemies of Mexica power whose alliance and military assistance were crucial to Cortés's conquest of the Mexica Empire

Cortés and numerous Indigenous allies defeated the Mexica, after which Spain established a colonial order that subordinated Indigenous peoples

Diplomacy, strategic alliances, selective accommodation, migration, cultural preservation, and military resistance used to defend Native land, autonomy, religion, and social organization

A people's right and ability to govern itself, which Native communities sought to preserve against European territorial, labor, and religious demands

New cultures created as displaced Africans from diverse societies retained and blended religious, musical, linguistic, agricultural, and family traditions in the Americas

The developing association of African ancestry and physical difference with permanent, inherited enslavement and supposed natural inferiority

Conversion, discovery, Christian sovereignty, civilization, economic necessity, and racial hierarchy were used to legitimize conquest, coerced labor, and dispossession

The claim that Christian rulers could assert sovereignty over lands inhabited by non-Christians, disregarding existing Native governments and territorial rights

A 1513 Spanish declaration demanding acceptance of Christianity and Spanish rule and claiming that refusal justified war, enslavement, and property seizure

Spanish Dominican friar who argued that Native peoples were rational, possessed natural rights, and should be converted peacefully rather than conquered or enslaved

Spanish reforms influenced by Las Casas that restricted Native enslavement and encomiendas but were weakened by colonial resistance and poor enforcement

Spanish humanist and theologian who defended conquest by portraying Native peoples as inferior and war as a means to impose government and facilitate conversion

The 1550–1551 dispute in which Las Casas defended Native rights and voluntary conversion while Sepúlveda justified Spanish conquest; it produced no clear winner and did not end conquest

Catholic devotion rooted in the tradition that Mary appeared to the Indigenous convert Juan Diego at Tepeyac in 1531, combining Catholic symbolism with strong Indigenous and later Mexican meanings