AP®︎ US History: Topic 7.12 Flashcards

Redirection of the federal government, economy, labor force, and civilian life toward total war, ending mass unemployment and making U.S. industry crucial to Allied victory

President who began defense mobilization before Pearl Harbor, promoted aid to the Allies, and expanded federal control of the wartime economy

Roosevelt’s description of the United States as the great producer and supplier of military goods for nations fighting the Axis

1940 law that established the first peacetime draft in U.S. history and expanded military manpower before Pearl Harbor

1941 law authorizing the president to provide arms and supplies to countries whose defense was vital to the United States

Wartime agency that set production priorities, allocated scarce materials, and converted factories from civilian to military production

Wartime agency that controlled consumer prices and administered rationing to limit inflation and conserve scarce goods

Agency that attempted to allocate workers among the military, defense industries, agriculture, and other essential sectors

Agency that mediated labor disputes, controlled wages, and helped preserve union membership while limiting wartime strikes

Agency that coordinated wartime information and propaganda promoting production, rationing, bond purchases, and support for the war

Contracts that reimbursed manufacturers’ production costs and guaranteed additional profit, encouraging rapid military expansion with little financial risk

Law that greatly expanded the number of Americans required to pay federal income taxes, helping finance wartime mobilization

Loans purchased by civilians to finance the war and reduce inflationary consumer spending

Government distribution of scarce civilian goods through stamps or points so strategic materials could be reserved for military use

Civilian gardens planted to supplement the food supply and support the war effort

Roosevelt’s ideals of freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear, used to define the war’s democratic purpose

Major labor federations’ wartime promise to avoid strikes so military production would continue without interruption

United Mine Workers leader whose 1943 coal strikes challenged wartime labor controls and helped provoke the Smith-Connally Act

1943 law allowing federal seizure of strike-threatened plants and requiring advance notice of certain wartime work stoppages

The growing South and West, whose cities and industries expanded through wartime migration, federal investment, and military production

Symbol of women performing industrial war work traditionally classified as male, especially in aircraft and shipbuilding plants

Wartime movement of African Americans from the rural South to industrial centers in the North, Midwest, and West

Black newspaper campaign demanding victory over fascism abroad and victory over racism at home

Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters leader whose threatened 1941 March on Washington pressured Roosevelt to ban discrimination in defense employment

Roosevelt’s 1941 order prohibiting racial discrimination in federal and defense employment and creating the Fair Employment Practice Committee

Committee created by Executive Order 8802 to investigate discrimination in federal and defense employment, though it had limited enforcement power

Deadly racial violence arising from competition over wartime jobs, housing, and public space, with most fatalities being African American

U.S.-Mexican temporary labor program begun in 1942 that recruited Mexican workers mainly for agriculture and railroads, often under exploitative conditions

1943 Los Angeles attacks by white servicemen on Mexican American youths, revealing wartime racism and conflict over urban space

1943 law that repealed Chinese exclusion, permitted a small Chinese immigration quota, and allowed Chinese immigrants to naturalize

Forced removal and confinement of about 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry, most without individual evidence of disloyalty and about two-thirds U.S. citizens

Roosevelt’s 1942 order authorizing military exclusion zones, which became the basis for removing Japanese Americans from the West Coast

Federal agency that administered the isolated camps in which removed Japanese Americans were confined

1944 Supreme Court decision upholding the exclusion of Japanese Americans as a claimed wartime military measure

1944 Supreme Court decision holding that the government could not continue detaining a U.S. citizen it conceded was loyal

Mass-produced cargo vessels built with standardized parts and assembly-line methods to transport Allied troops and supplies