AP®︎ US History: Topic 6.12 Flashcards

Belief that competition and private contracts should govern the economy with minimal regulation or public relief

Application of competitive evolution to society that portrayed inequality as natural and defended limited government

Writer who applied a simplified theory of biological competition to society and influenced Social Darwinism

Andrew Carnegie's belief that the wealthy should use fortunes for public purposes through private philanthropy, not redistribution

Industrialist associated with the Gospel of Wealth and the use of private philanthropy to benefit society

Legal doctrine treating private economic agreements as protected from government interference

Judicial extension of due process protections to corporate property, strengthening corporate challenges to regulation

Federal grants of public land that railroads sold to finance construction and connect western resources to national markets

High duties that shielded American manufacturers from foreign competition but raised prices and troubled agricultural exporters

Nationwide railroad conflict in which federal troops suppressed disorder and restored rail service

Rail strike broken when President Cleveland used federal troops and an injunction to protect interstate commerce and the mail

President who opposed federal relief in the Texas Seed Bill and sent troops against the Pullman Strike

Labor leader imprisoned for violating the federal injunction issued during the Pullman Strike

Court orders used to halt strikes or boycotts that interfered with interstate transportation, commerce, or the mail

Supreme Court decision upholding federal intervention and the injunction used against the Pullman Strike

Financial panic followed by bank failures, business collapse, unemployment, and depression without a federal safety net

Severe financial panic and depression that intensified demands for federal relief, monetary expansion, and public works

Cleveland vetoed drought relief for Texas farmers, arguing that federal charity was unconstitutional and weakened self-reliance

Law ending standard silver-dollar coinage, denounced by silver advocates as the Crime of 1873

State laws promoted by agrarian groups to regulate railroad and grain-elevator rates

States regulated local health, safety, and welfare, while Congress controlled commerce crossing state lines

Supreme Court decision allowing states to regulate private property affected with a public interest

Supreme Court decision barring state regulation of interstate railroad rates and indicating that regulation must come from Congress

Law requiring just interstate railroad rates, restricting discrimination and pools, and creating the ICC.

First permanent federal regulatory commission, created to oversee interstate railroads but initially weakened by limited resources and courts

Combination placing several companies' stock under common trustees, allowing formally separate firms to operate as one

Federal law outlawing restraints of interstate trade and monopolization, though early enforcement against corporations was weak

Decision distinguishing local manufacturing from interstate commerce and preventing use of the Sherman Act against a dominant sugar refiner

Secretary of state who promoted closer Latin American trade and influence through the First International Conference of American States

Washington meeting promoted by Blaine to expand hemispheric trade and influence, helping begin the Pan-American movement

Treaty giving Hawaiian sugar favorable access to the U.S. market and increasing American planters' influence in Hawaii

Constitution forced on King Kalākaua that reduced royal authority and strengthened wealthy property owners, including American planters

American planters helped remove Hawaii's queen while seeking a government favorable to their commercial and political interests

U.S. acquisition of Hawaii after years of growing American commercial influence and strategic interest in Pacific access

American policy calling for equal commercial access to China rather than exclusive European spheres of influence

Reformer who advocated federally funded public works and additional paper currency to aid the unemployed during the depression of the 1890s

1894 march of unemployed workers to Washington demanding federal public works; the proposal was rejected and Coxey was arrested

Currency tied especially to gold, favored by creditors and business interests because it preserved value and limited inflation

Paper currency whose expansion was supported by many farmers and debtors seeking inflation, higher prices, and easier debt repayment

Free coinage of silver to expand the money supply and cause inflation, supported by many farmers, miners, and debtors