AP®︎ US History: Topic 6.9 Flashcards

Process by which immigrants adopt the language, customs, institutions, and identity of the receiving society

Organized efforts by schools, reformers, employers, and officials to teach English and encourage conformity to dominant American customs and civic ideals

Immigrants’ negotiated combination of American practices with preserved languages, religions, customs, and community identities

Immigrant neighborhoods whose businesses, religious bodies, newspapers, and mutual-aid organizations preserved culture while helping newcomers find work and adjust

Community centers in poor immigrant neighborhoods that provided education, childcare, health services, recreation, and assistance while promoting adaptation

Settlement-house reformer who cofounded Hull House and argued that poverty arose from changeable social and economic conditions

Chicago settlement house founded in 1889 by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr that provided education, childcare, health, and employment services

Settlement reformer who established New York’s Henry Street Settlement in 1893 and promoted public-health nursing

Crowded, cheaply built urban apartment buildings often lacking adequate light, ventilation, plumbing, sanitation, and fire protection

Reformer and photographer whose How the Other Half Lives exposed New York tenement conditions and encouraged housing and sanitation reform

Jacob Riis’s 1890 book using descriptions and photographs to expose New York tenement poverty and support urban reform

Opposition to immigrants and defense of native-born interests or culture, often based on economic, religious, racial, or political fears

Nativist prejudice claiming that Catholic immigrants obeyed the pope and therefore could not exercise independent democratic citizenship

Prejudice portraying Jewish immigrants as permanently foreign through longstanding religious and economic stereotypes

Prominent anti-Catholic nativist organization founded in 1887

Organization founded in 1894 that sought to restrict supposedly undesirable immigration, especially through literacy testing

Anti-Chinese labor movement led by Denis Kearney that blamed Chinese workers for low wages and unemployment and demanded their removal

Leader of the Workingmen’s Party of California who rallied anti-Chinese sentiment with the slogan “The Chinese must go!”

1885 attack in Wyoming Territory in which white miners killed at least 28 Chinese miners and drove hundreds from their homes

Early federal law barring certain contract laborers and people entering for “immoral purposes”; enforcement especially targeted Chinese women presumed to be prostitutes and restricted Chinese family formation

First major federal law barring immigration by a particular nationality and labor category; it suspended Chinese labor immigration for ten years

Law extending Chinese exclusion for ten years and requiring Chinese residents to carry certificates proving lawful residence

Law imposing a 50-cent head tax and excluding convicts, people with specified mental conditions, and those likely to become public charges

1885 law barring most employers from financing the immigration of foreign workers already bound by labor contracts

Law expanding excluded categories and placing immigration enforcement more directly under federal authority

Federal immigration inspection station opened in New York Harbor in 1892

Application of simplified evolutionary ideas to society, treating competition, wealth, poverty, and social hierarchy as natural outcomes of fitness

British thinker who popularized “survival of the fittest” and argued that social competition naturally produced winners and losers

American sociologist who defended competition, socioeconomic hierarchy, and limited government intervention through Social Darwinist reasoning

New York settlement established by Lillian Wald in 1893 and especially associated with public-health nursing