AP®︎ US History: Topic 7.11 Flashcards

Active U.S. diplomacy, investment, treaties, and selective intervention without binding alliances or surrendering independent decision-making

Opposition to binding security commitments and direct participation in foreign wars, not complete diplomatic or economic withdrawal

The belief that nations should cooperate to deter or resist aggression

Support for material aid and, increasingly, military action against the Axis powers

Harding’s call to move away from Wilsonian crusades and wartime conditions while continuing independent U.S. engagement abroad

President who promoted a return to normalcy and favored negotiation, naval limitation, investment, and independent American action

International court the United States considered joining but ultimately avoided because of Senate conditions and fears of League entanglement

1921–1922 U.S.-led conference that limited naval armaments and addressed Pacific disputes through the Five-, Four-, and Nine-Power Treaties

Naval treaty limiting capital-ship tonnage at a 5:5:3:1.75:1.75 ratio for the United States, Britain, Japan, France, and Italy

Agreement among the United States, Britain, France, and Japan to consult over Pacific disputes without requiring automatic military action

Agreement affirming Chinese territorial integrity and equal commercial access under the Open Door, but lacking effective enforcement

U.S. principle favoring Chinese territorial integrity and equal commercial access for foreign powers

1928 pact negotiated by Frank Kellogg and Aristide Briand that renounced war but provided no effective enforcement mechanism

Use of American trade, investment, loans, and financial influence to promote stability and prosperity without military commitments

1924 arrangement in which U.S. banks loaned Germany money to pay Allied reparations, allowing Britain and France to repay U.S. war debts

1929 plan that reduced and rescheduled German reparations but left European recovery dependent on unstable American lending

Franklin Roosevelt’s policy of renouncing armed intervention in Latin America and emphasizing consultation, trade, and diplomatic cooperation

President who adopted the Good Neighbor Policy and gradually shifted the United States from neutrality toward aid for the Allies

Dictatorial, expansionist system represented by Mussolini’s Italy and Hitler’s Nazi Germany that alarmed many Americans during the 1930s

A system in which a centralized government seeks extensive control over political, social, and cultural life and suppresses opposition

Fascist dictator of Italy whose expansion included the 1935 invasion of Ethiopia

Nazi dictator who rearmed Germany, overturned the Versailles settlement, and pursued territorial expansion across Europe

Military-dominated Japanese expansion seeking control of China and Southeast Asia for empire, strategic power, and raw materials

Henry Stimson’s declaration that the United States would not recognize territorial changes produced by Japan’s treaty-violating conquest of Manchuria

1938 agreement that allowed Germany to acquire the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia without stopping Hitler’s further expansion

1934–1936 Senate investigation whose hearings encouraged the belief that bankers and arms makers had drawn the United States into World War I for profit

Congressional laws restricting arms sales, loans, and other relations with belligerents to prevent another path into war like that of World War I.

Prohibited U.S. sales of arms and ammunition to belligerents once the president recognized a state of war

Renewed the arms embargo and prohibited American loans or credits to belligerent nations

Extended neutrality restrictions to civil wars while allowing cash-and-carry purchases of certain nonmilitary goods

Policy requiring belligerents to pay cash for permitted U.S. goods and transport them in their own ships

Ended the mandatory arms embargo and allowed belligerents to purchase weapons on a cash-and-carry basis, chiefly benefiting Britain and France

Roosevelt’s 1937 call for peace-loving nations to quarantine aggressors; the hostile public reaction revealed strong noninterventionism

Japan’s 1937 sinking of an American gunboat in China; Japan apologized and paid compensation, preventing escalation into war

Leading noninterventionist organization formed in 1940 to support national defense while opposing steps likely to bring the United States into war

Famous aviator and best-known spokesman for the noninterventionist America First Committee

Internationalist group arguing that aid to Britain could protect U.S. security and prevent the need for direct American combat

1940 executive agreement transferring 50 older U.S. destroyers to Britain for 99-year leases on British base sites in the Western Hemisphere

1940 law establishing the first peacetime military draft in American history

Roosevelt’s call for American industry to supply the nations fighting the Axis even while the United States remained formally outside the war

1941 law authorizing Roosevelt to provide defense materials to countries whose defense he considered vital to the United States

1941 Roosevelt–Churchill statement supporting self-determination, freer trade, economic cooperation, freedom of the seas, and collective security

The 1941 asset freeze and cutoff of American oil after Japan occupied southern French Indochina, creating a strategic crisis for Japan

Japan’s December 7, 1941 attack on the U.S. Pacific Fleet in Hawaii, which ended the intervention debate and brought the United States into World War II.

Collective-security organization the United States never joined because opponents feared its obligations would limit Congress’s authority to decide on war

President whose administration issued the Stimson Doctrine and began moving away from armed intervention in Latin America

Hoover’s secretary of state who announced that the United States would not recognize Japan’s conquest of Manchuria