AP®︎ US History: Unit 9 Flashcards

Conservative movement that made abortion, religion, schools, sexuality, family structure, and public morality central political issues

Evangelical and other religious conservatives mobilized around abortion, school prayer, LGBTQ rights, and traditional family values

Organization founded in 1979 that mobilized religious conservatives around abortion, school prayer, and traditional family values

Traditionally Democratic working- and middle-class voters attracted to Reagan by taxes, crime, patriotism, and social issues

Reagan defeated Jimmy Carter amid economic and foreign-policy troubles, giving conservatives the presidency and enough support to enact major policy changes

Conservative Republican president elected in 1980 who promoted tax cuts, deregulation, traditional values, military expansion, anticommunist intervention, and later arms-control diplomacy with Gorbachev

Reagan's program of tax cuts, deregulation, slower domestic-spending growth, and tight monetary policy, based partly on the theory that lower tax rates would encourage investment and production

Law that cut individual income tax rates about 25 percent over three years and created incentives for business investment

Reduction of federal rules and enforcement to promote competition and market decisions, with possible costs to environmental, workplace, consumer, and financial safety

In 1981 Reagan fired more than 11,000 striking federal air traffic controllers, encouraging employers to confront unions more aggressively

Expanded federal enforcement against illegal drugs that emphasized punishment and contributed to mass incarceration and racial disparities

Intense conflicts over the moral values public institutions should recognize, including abortion, religion, gender, sexuality, education, and family structure

Epidemic first recognized in 1981 whose slow federal response exposed conflicts over sexuality, stigma, public health, and government responsibility

A 1990 civil rights law prohibiting discrimination against people with disabilities and requiring reasonable accommodations and accessible public facilities

The 1994 Republican campaign program calling for lower spending, welfare reform, and smaller government

Republican leader who promoted the Contract with America and helped the GOP win control of Congress in 1994

Democratic president who pursued centrist, market-oriented domestic policies while defending a limited safety net and used U.S. and NATO power in Somalia, Bosnia, and Kosovo

Centrist Democratic approach that accepted some market-oriented and fiscally conservative policies while retaining a limited safety net

The 1994 agreement reducing trade barriers among the United States, Canada, and Mexico, expanding regional trade while increasing competitive pressure and disrupting some workers, industries, and farms

International organization established in 1995 to oversee trade rules and settle disputes, promoting global economic integration while intensifying controversy over globalization and competition

The 1996 welfare law that replaced AFDC with state-run TANF block grants and imposed work requirements and time limits

A 1996 law defining federal marriage as between one man and one woman and permitting states to reject same-sex marriages from elsewhere

The House impeached Bill Clinton in 1998 for perjury and obstruction of justice related to the Monica Lewinsky investigation, but the Senate acquitted him in 1999

Policy of aiding anticommunist governments and insurgents seeking to weaken or overthrow Soviet-backed regimes

Reagan's proposed missile-defense system using advanced and space-based technology to intercept incoming nuclear weapons

Scandal revealed in 1986 involving secret arms sales to Iran and the diversion of proceeds to the Contras despite congressional restrictions

Soviet leader who introduced glasnost and perestroika, negotiated with Reagan, and refused to use force to preserve Eastern European communist regimes

Gorbachev's policy of openness that reduced censorship and allowed criticism of officials, historical abuses, and Communist Party rule

Gorbachev's restructuring policy introducing limited market mechanisms and decentralization without creating a stable replacement for the command economy

1987 U.S.-Soviet treaty eliminating an entire class of ground-launched missiles and establishing on-site inspections

Independent Polish trade union that won the 1989 partly free elections and helped form the Soviet bloc's first noncommunist-led government

Opening of East German border crossings on November 9, 1989, symbolizing the collapse of communist authority and Europe's division

December 1991 breakup of the USSR into fifteen independent states after reform, nationalism, economic crisis, and the failed August coup

Republican president who accepted tax increases despite his campaign pledge, cautiously managed the Cold War's end, supported German reunification, negotiated arms reductions, and led the Persian Gulf War coalition

1991 U.S.-led, UN-authorized coalition war that expelled Saddam Hussein's Iraqi forces from Kuwait without occupying Baghdad

1992–1994 humanitarian intervention that expanded into efforts to stabilize Somalia before 18 U.S. deaths in Mogadishu weakened public support and prompted withdrawal

U.S.-backed NATO interventions against ethnic violence in the former Yugoslavia that helped produce the 1995 Dayton peace settlement in Bosnia and used air power against Serbian forces in Kosovo in 1999

The spread of microprocessors, personal computers, the internet, and the World Wide Web that transformed communication, information, commerce, work, and production

A global digital network that expanded rapidly in the 1990s, lowering communication costs and transforming information, commerce, work, and social interaction

The increasing integration of national economies through trade, investment, production, finance, transportation, and communication

The late-1990s surge of investment and speculation in internet companies that drove rapid growth before the technology-stock bubble collapsed in 2000

The practice of hiring outside firms to perform work formerly done within a company, sometimes moving those jobs to lower-cost countries

The decline of manufacturing’s share of employment and the closing or relocation of industrial facilities, even while manufacturing output remained substantial

Older industrial areas of the Northeast and Midwest that suffered factory closings, declining heavy-industry employment, population losses, and fiscal decline

An economy with growing employment in fields such as healthcare, education, finance, retail, hospitality, entertainment, and information technology

The unequal distribution of income and wealth, which increased as gains became concentrated among highly skilled workers and owners of appreciating assets

The severe 2007–2009 downturn caused by the housing and financial collapse, which froze credit, caused bank failures and foreclosures, and drove unemployment to 10 percent

Bush-era $700 billion program authorized to stabilize financial institutions during the 2008 crisis

A 2010 response to the financial crisis that increased regulation and oversight of major financial institutions and created the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau

The growing South and West, where jobs, lower costs, warm weather, retirement, and federal spending attracted migrants and increased regional influence

Law that legalized roughly three million qualifying unauthorized immigrants and prohibited knowingly employing unauthorized workers while strengthening enforcement, but did not end unauthorized immigration

Raised legal immigration ceilings, expanded employment-based immigration, and created the diversity visa program

A 2012 executive policy granting eligible unauthorized immigrants brought as children temporary protection from removal and work authorization, not permanent status

The 2000 Supreme Court decision halting Florida's presidential recount, effectively awarding the state's electoral votes and the presidency to George W. Bush

President who declared the war on terror, invaded Afghanistan and Iraq, and expanded federal security and surveillance powers

Al-Qaeda hijackers attacked the World Trade Center and Pentagon on September 11, 2001, killing nearly 3,000 and prompting the war on terror

Osama bin Laden’s international Islamist extremist organization, responsible for September 11 and other attacks on American targets

Global American campaign against terrorism using military force, intelligence, law enforcement, financial controls, diplomacy, and domestic surveillance

Policy favoring preemptive action against emerging threats, unilateral action when necessary, and promotion of democracy abroad

2001 law expanding federal intelligence sharing, surveillance, records access, and investigative authority against suspected terrorism

Federal department created in 2002 to coordinate border control, emergency preparedness, transportation security, and infrastructure protection

2001–2021 conflict that removed the Taliban government but failed to build a durable Afghan state, ending with the Taliban’s return

Preventive war begun in 2003 over alleged Iraqi weapons of mass destruction; it toppled Saddam Hussein but produced insurgency and instability

U.S. facility in Cuba where suspected terrorists were detained, sometimes for years without ordinary civilian criminal trials

Iraqi prison where abuse by American personnel damaged U.S. credibility and intensified human-rights criticism of the Iraq War

A 2002 law requiring regular standardized testing and school accountability measures that expanded the federal government's role in public education

The 2005 hurricane whose flooding of New Orleans killed more than a thousand people and exposed racial inequality, inadequate infrastructure, and failures in government disaster response

Democratic president who responded to the Great Recession, expanded healthcare, established DACA, increased troops in Afghanistan, oversaw the killing of bin Laden, and joined the Paris Agreement

A 2010 law expanding health coverage through subsidies, insurance rules, Medicaid expansion, and initially an individual mandate

Conservative movement opposing taxes, deficits, government spending, and federal intervention after the Great Recession

The 2015 Supreme Court decision recognizing a nationwide constitutional right to same-sex marriage

Extremist organization that captured territory amid Iraqi and Syrian instability, prompting renewed U.S. military operations beginning in 2014

Human-driven warming caused largely by greenhouse-gas emissions, producing rising seas, changing weather, and ecological risks

Method that expanded domestic oil and natural-gas production but raised concerns about groundwater, methane, accidents, and local damage

2015 international climate accord the United States joined under Obama, left under Trump, and rejoined under Biden

Donald Trump defeated Hillary Clinton in the Electoral College despite losing the popular vote, winning with an anti-establishment campaign focused on immigration, trade, nationalism, and dissatisfaction with political elites

Republican president elected in 2016 who promoted America First nationalism, tax cuts, deregulation, immigration restrictions, protectionism, and conservative judicial appointments while intensifying political polarization