AP®︎ US History: Topic 8.4 Flashcards

Late-1940s–1960s expansion driven by a growing private sector, federal spending, pent-up demand, the baby boom, and new technology

Postwar surge in consumer spending after wartime rationing and shortages delayed purchases while workers accumulated savings

Economy in which private firms direct most production while government supports demand through benefits, infrastructure, research, regulation, and contracts

President whose Fair Deal sought to extend New Deal liberalism through expanded benefits, housing aid, health insurance, and civil rights measures

Truman program proposing expanded Social Security, a higher minimum wage, housing aid, national health insurance, and civil rights; Congress enacted only parts

President who practiced Modern Republicanism, preserved major New Deal programs, and supported defense, research, and interstate highway spending

Eisenhower's moderate policy of fiscal restraint and private enterprise combined with acceptance of New Deal programs and major federal investments

President whose New Frontier proposed federal action in education, cities, science, welfare, and economic growth

Kennedy program connecting economic growth with federal investment in education, cities, science, and social welfare, though most proposals initially failed

Provided veterans education aid, unemployment payments, and guaranteed low-interest loans, expanding the middle class, homeownership, and skilled employment

Postwar economy sustained by rising wages, savings, credit, advertising, and widespread purchases of homes, automobiles, appliances, and other consumer goods

Restricted unions by banning closed shops, permitting right-to-work laws, limiting union tactics, and allowing federal delays of strikes threatening national health or safety

State laws permitted by Taft–Hartley that prohibit requiring workers to join or financially support a union as a condition of employment

Sharp, prolonged rise in births from 1946 through 1964 that increased demand for housing, goods, schools, services, colleges, and later jobs

Relationship among the armed forces, federal government, and defense industries sustained by military contracts and research spending

Technology that made homes and workplaces practical in hot climates, removing an obstacle to population and business growth in the Sun Belt

Use of machinery and rising farm productivity that reduced demand for farm labor and encouraged migration to metropolitan employment

Large-scale postwar movement of mainly middle-class families to communities outside central cities, encouraged by mortgages, cars, highways, incomes, and mass-produced housing

Federal agency whose mortgage insurance reduced lender risk and helped expand long-term home financing, while discriminatory practices reinforced segregation

Mass-produced Long Island suburb begun in 1947 that offered standardized, affordable homes to many veterans while initially excluding Black buyers

Developer whose firm built Levittown using standardized designs, specialized tasks, and large-scale purchasing to reduce housing costs

Housing agreements barring property sales to specified racial groups, used to exclude Black families from many neighborhoods and suburbs

1948 Supreme Court decision ruling that courts could not enforce racially restrictive housing covenants, though informal housing discrimination continued

Practice of labeling often-Black neighborhoods risky for mortgage lending, denying investment while favorable financing supported predominantly white suburbs

Movement of white residents from racially changing central cities to suburbs, encouraged by discriminatory housing, segregated schools, highways, and federal mortgages

Authorized about 41,000 miles of interstate highways, stimulating private industries, trucking, commuting, suburbanization, and metropolitan decentralization

Rapidly growing South and West, where jobs, federal spending, affordable land, highways, and air conditioning attracted migrants and increased regional economic and political power

Continued movement of African Americans from the rural South to urban areas in the North and West during and after World War II.

Broad postwar rise in income, homeownership, and consumption that enlarged the middle class but did not eliminate poverty or racial inequality

Rapid growth in college access, aided especially by the G.I. Bill, that increased skilled employment, social mobility, and middle-class migration