AP®︎ US History: Topic 7.10 Flashcards

President who responded to the Great Depression with the experimental federal programs and reforms collectively called the New Deal

Roosevelt’s programs using federal power for relief, recovery, and reform while preserving a regulated capitalist economy

Immediate aid for the distressed, economic revival, and structural changes intended to prevent future crises

The belief that liberty required economic security, regulated markets, collective bargaining rights, and active federal intervention

The emergency legislative session from March through June 1933 that enacted much of Roosevelt’s initial New Deal program

Roosevelt’s conversational radio addresses explaining policies and building public confidence in his administration

The 1933 amendment that repealed Prohibition, permitted taxation of legal alcohol, and reversed the Eighteenth Amendment

Roosevelt’s temporary nationwide closure of banks during the March 1933 banking crisis to halt withdrawals before sound banks reopened

Authorized federal inspection of banks and the reopening of those judged financially sound, helping stop bank runs

Separated commercial from investment banking and created federal deposit insurance through the FDIC.

Federal agency that insures bank deposits, reducing bank runs and restoring confidence in the banking system

Devalued the dollar after Roosevelt ended domestic gold convertibility, allowing greater monetary expansion against deflation

Required companies selling securities to disclose relevant financial information to potential investors

Agency created in 1934 to regulate securities markets and curb manipulation, insider abuses, and misleading sales

Harry Hopkins’s agency that distributed federal money to states and localities for direct aid and work relief

Influential New Deal administrator who directed FERA and the WPA and favored rapid federal work relief

Employed young unmarried men in conservation work while providing housing, food, and wages sent partly to their families

Short-lived program that provided millions of emergency public jobs during the winter of 1933–1934

Funded large, long-term construction projects such as dams, schools, hospitals, bridges, and public buildings

The largest New Deal work-relief program, employing millions to construct public facilities and perform cultural work

Paid farmers to reduce production so agricultural prices and farm income would rise, often benefiting landowners over tenants

The 1936 decision invalidating the original AAA’s processing-tax system, forcing Congress to restructure farm supports

Agency assisting impoverished farmers, tenants, and migrants and documenting rural hardship through photography

The 1933 law that created the NRA and PWA and recognized workers’ organizing and bargaining rights in Section 7(a)

Encouraged industry codes governing prices, production, wages, and hours under the Blue Eagle slogan “We Do Our Part.”

The 1935 decision invalidating the NRA for excessive delegation of legislative power and regulation beyond interstate commerce

Regional authority that built dams, controlled floods, improved navigation, conserved soil, and supplied inexpensive hydroelectric power

Provided loans to cooperatives and local organizations to extend electrical service into underserved rural areas

Refinanced troubled urban mortgages but used neighborhood risk maps associated with discriminatory lending and redlining

Insured private long-term mortgages, stimulating homeownership and construction while favoring segregated white communities

Denial or restriction of mortgage credit in neighborhoods considered risky largely because of Black residence or racial integration

The First emphasized emergency stabilization and business cooperation; the Second emphasized social insurance, public employment, labor rights, and regulation

Protected most private-sector workers’ rights to organize and bargain collectively and prohibited specified unfair labor practices

Federal agency created by the Wagner Act to supervise union elections and enforce collective-bargaining rights

The AFL traditionally organized skilled workers by craft; the CIO organized all workers in mass-production industries regardless of skill

Labor leader associated with the CIO’s campaign to organize workers across mass-production industries

The 1936–1937 factory occupation that prevented replacement labor and forced General Motors to recognize the United Auto Workers

Established a federal minimum wage, maximum hours, and child-labor restrictions but excluded several occupations

Created payroll-tax-funded old-age insurance, federal-state unemployment insurance, and assistance for selected vulnerable groups

Radio priest who attacked banks, broke with Roosevelt, and increasingly promoted inflationary, nationalist, antisemitic, and authoritarian ideas

Business-backed organization of conservatives and anti-New Deal Democrats defending property rights and limited government

Roosevelt’s failed 1937 proposal to add up to six Supreme Court justices, intended to produce a pro-New Deal majority

The 1937 decision upholding a state minimum-wage law and signaling greater judicial acceptance of economic regulation

The 1937 decision upholding the Wagner Act and broader federal regulation of activities affecting interstate commerce

The 1937–1938 downturn caused partly by reduced federal spending, new payroll taxes, and tighter monetary policy

Informal group of African American federal advisers who promoted Black interests within the Roosevelt administration

Black Cabinet member who directed African American affairs in the National Youth Administration and advised the Roosevelt administration

First lady who expanded the office through public advocacy for workers, women, young people, and some African American civil rights causes

Secretary of Labor, major architect of Social Security and labor reform, and the first woman in a presidential cabinet

Commissioner of Indian Affairs who led the Indian New Deal and promoted tribal landholding and self-government

Ended tribal land allotment, supported restoration of some tribal lands, encouraged self-government, and provided development loans

Often-derogatory label for southwestern migrants who moved west, especially to California, seeking work during the 1930s

Democratic alliance of workers, unions, farmers, white southerners, northern Black voters, immigrants, Catholics, Jews, and reformers

Long-term shift of many workers, ethnic voters, and northern African Americans toward the Democratic Party and active federal government

Alliance of conservative Republicans and southern Democrats that blocked many additional reforms after the 1938 elections

FSA documentary photographer whose images recorded rural poverty and migrant hardship during the Depression

Lange’s 1936 photograph of Florence Owens Thompson and her children, an enduring image of Depression-era migrant hardship

Louisiana senator and populist critic who argued that concentrated wealth blocked recovery and challenged Roosevelt from the left

Huey Long’s movement proposing heavy taxes on large fortunes to guarantee minimum household wealth and income

Physician and reformer whose popular pension campaign increased pressure for federal old-age security

Proposal for federal pensions to elderly Americans who would spend the money quickly, reducing poverty and stimulating demand

New Deal agency that refinanced some farm mortgages to ease indebted farmers’ financial burdens