AP®︎ US History: Topic 4.2 Flashcards

Competition between the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans over federal power, economic policy, and relations with Britain and France

Hamilton and Adams’s party, favoring broad federal power, commerce and manufacturing, a national bank, and friendly relations with Britain

Jefferson and Madison’s party, favoring strict construction, states’ rights, low taxes, an agrarian republic, and sympathy for France

Federalist leader whose financial program promoted federal assumption, a national bank, public credit, taxation, commerce, and manufacturing

Democratic-Republican leader and president who advocated limited government but used broad federal power for the Louisiana Purchase and embargo

Jefferson’s Democratic-Republican ally who opposed Hamiltonian centralization and supported strict constitutional construction

Federalist president defeated by Jefferson in 1800 after party division, unpopular taxes, and controversy over the Alien and Sedition Acts

Loose construction permits implied federal powers; strict construction limits the federal government to powers explicitly delegated by the Constitution

Hamilton-backed national bank chartered in 1791 under implied powers; its charter expired in 1811 when Congress declined renewal

Tariff enacted by a Democratic-Republican Congress partly to protect emerging American manufacturers from foreign competition

National bank chartered in 1816 after wartime financial difficulties and later upheld as constitutional in McCulloch v. Maryland

Federalist laws that restricted noncitizens and criminalized certain government criticism, provoking Republican charges of violated civil liberties

Republican responses to the Alien and Sedition Acts arguing that the federal government had exceeded its constitutional powers

Jefferson’s victory over Adams, resolved after an electoral tie with Burr, produced a peaceful transfer of executive power between rival parties

Jefferson’s running mate whose equal 73 electoral votes created the 1800 tie that the House resolved in Jefferson’s favor

1804 amendment requiring electors to cast separate votes for president and vice president

Conciliatory 1801 address declaring “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists” to reassure the country after a bitter election

British seizure and forced service of sailors, which violated American neutrality and intensified pressure for a national response

1807 attack by the British Leopard on the American Chesapeake that intensified anger over impressment and neutral rights

Jefferson’s prohibition on American ships trading with foreign ports, intended to pressure Britain and France but instead harming Americans and requiring intrusive enforcement

1809 law reopening trade with most nations while continuing restrictions against Britain and France

The 1803 acquisition from France of about 828,000 square miles for $15 million, doubling U.S. claims and broadening presidential power

Lemhi Shoshone interpreter and intermediary who aided the Lewis and Clark expedition and helped it obtain horses for the mountain crossing

Explorer who led federal expeditions from 1805 to 1807 that gathered geographic and military information in the upper Mississippi and Southwest

Federalist law reorganizing the courts and creating new judgeships that Adams filled shortly before leaving office

Federalist judicial appointees named near the end of Adams’s presidency to preserve Federalist influence in the courts

1803 decision denying Marbury’s requested writ while declaring part of a federal law unconstitutional and establishing judicial review

The authority of courts, especially the Supreme Court, to invalidate laws or government actions that conflict with the Constitution

1810 decision invalidating Georgia’s revocation of a land grant under the Contract Clause, the first voiding a state law as unconstitutional

1819 decision holding that New Hampshire could not alter Dartmouth’s private charter because the Contract Clause protected it

1819 decision upholding Congress’s implied power to charter a national bank and denying Maryland authority to tax the federal institution

Clause allowing Congress to choose appropriate means for carrying out its enumerated powers, providing the basis for implied powers in McCulloch

Federal powers not expressly listed but reasonably connected to enumerated powers through the Necessary and Proper Clause

Constitutional rule that valid federal law takes precedence over conflicting state law or state action

1821 decision asserting Supreme Court authority to review state-court judgments involving federal law, including criminal cases

1824 decision broadly defining interstate commerce to include navigation and holding that federal regulation overrode a conflicting state monopoly

Period beginning under Monroe when Federalist decline reduced formal party competition, although disputes over banks, tariffs, slavery, and regional power continued

The 1804–1806 federal expedition led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark that mapped western lands, studied resources, contacted Native nations, and reached the Pacific

Federalist chief justice and constitutional nationalist who led the Supreme Court in strengthening judicial authority and federal power

The Supreme Court under John Marshall, whose decisions strengthened judicial review, implied federal powers, interstate commerce authority, and federal supremacy

Constitutional grant of congressional power over interstate commerce, interpreted in Gibbons v. Ogden to include navigation