AP®︎ US History: Topic 1.2 Flashcards

Corn farming spread north from present-day Mexico and supported food surpluses, population growth, permanent settlements, irrigation, specialization, and social differentiation

Intercropping maize, beans, and squash so corn supported beans, beans replenished nitrogen, and squash retained moisture and suppressed weeds

An arid region where maize farmers used canals, reservoirs, and terraces to support permanent settlements, larger populations, trade, and specialized labor

Southwestern maize farmers who built organized stone-and-adobe pueblos, multistory dwellings, kivas, and irrigation systems; ancestors of later Pueblo communities

An Ancestral Pueblo center in New Mexico whose great houses, water management, and trade networks reflected agricultural, ceremonial, and political complexity

An Ancestral Pueblo center in Colorado known for cliff dwellings whose inhabitants farmed nearby mesas and migrated away by about 1300

A southern Arizona society that constructed extensive canals to carry river water to maize fields in an arid environment

An arid region where Shoshone, Paiute, and other peoples generally lived in small groups and moved seasonally among scattered plant and animal resources

Drier western grasslands favored mobile bison hunting, while wetter eastern river valleys supported maize farming, seasonal hunting, and longer-lasting villages

Fertile floodplains, rivers, forests, fish, and game supported maize-based mixed economies, dense populations, permanent settlements, trade, and mound construction

Maize-farming societies that built permanent towns around ceremonial and platform mounds and developed organized leadership, trade, and social hierarchies

The largest Mississippian urban center, near present-day St. Louis, where maize surpluses supported mounds, specialized labor, trade, hierarchy, and a dense population

Forests, rivers, fertile soils, fish, and game supported mixed farming, hunting, fishing, and gathering economies and many permanent or semipermanent villages

Northeastern maize farmers who lived in longhouse villages, organized kinship matrilineally, and gave clan mothers important social and political influence

A confederacy of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca that coordinated diplomacy and collective decisions while preserving substantial national autonomy

Abundant salmon, ocean resources, and cedar supported permanent villages, food storage, trade, specialization, and social ranking without intensive agriculture

A Northwest Coast feast where hosts distributed goods to affirm status, obligations, and relationships within and among communities

Many societies relied on acorns, fishing, hunting, gathering, controlled burning, and trade; abundant predictable resources allowed some permanent villages without intensive farming

Deliberate low-intensity fires used to encourage useful plants, improve hunting grounds, open forests, and reduce dense undergrowth

Exchange systems that moved shells, copper, obsidian, turquoise, pottery, foods, technologies, and ideas between regions and offset local resource limitations

Many distinct Northeastern and Atlantic peoples whose economies combined agriculture, fishing, hunting, and gathering according to local conditions