AP®︎ US History: Topic 1.5 Flashcards

Master key terms and definitions for Topic 1.5 of AP US History – Labor, Slavery, and Caste in the Spanish Colonial System to help you prep for quizzes and the AP exam.

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Term

Encomienda System

Definition

Crown grants allowing encomenderos to compel tribute or labor from designated Indigenous communities in return for supposed protection and Christian instruction

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Encomienda System
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Crown grants allowing encomenderos to compel tribute or labor from designated Indigenous communities in return for supposed protection and Christian instruction

Unit 1: Learning Objective EKC-1.2.II.B
Bartolomé de las Casas
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Dominican friar and former encomendero who condemned the brutal exploitation of Indigenous people and encouraged royal labor reforms

Unit 1: Learning Objective EKC-1.2.II.B
New Laws of 1542
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Spanish laws intended to curb abuses of Indigenous people and restrict inheritance of encomiendas; colonial resistance weakened enforcement

Unit 1: Learning Objective EKC-1.2.II.B
Repartimiento
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Government-supervised labor draft requiring Native communities to provide supposedly paid workers for limited periods, though the labor remained compulsory and abusive

Unit 1: Learning Objective EKC-1.2.II.B
Hacienda
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Large landed estate worked by wage, tenant, or debt-bound laborers; unlike an encomienda, it was land rather than a claim to Native tribute

Unit 1: Learning Objective EKC-1.2.II.B
Transatlantic Slave Trade
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Forced Atlantic transportation of enslaved Africans, expanded by European demand and cooperation with some West and West Central African traders and rulers

Unit 1: Learning Objective EKC-1.2.II.C
Asiento System
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Crown contracts granting a person or company the right and obligation to supply a specified number of enslaved Africans to Spanish America

Unit 1: Learning Objective EKC-1.2.II.C
Middle Passage
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Brutal forced voyage of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic under crowded, violent, and deadly shipboard conditions

Unit 1: Learning Objective EKC-1.2.II.C
Caste System / Casta System
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Spanish ancestry-based hierarchy that favored Europeans and assigned unequal legal, economic, and social status to Europeans, Native Americans, Africans, and mixed-ancestry people

Unit 1: Learning Objective EKC-1.2.II.D
Peninsulares
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Spain-born residents of the Americas who generally held the colony's highest political, ecclesiastical, and commercial positions

Unit 1: Learning Objective EKC-1.2.II.D
Criollos / Creoles
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American-born people of Spanish ancestry who belonged to colonial elites, although peninsulares often received preference for the highest imperial offices

Unit 1: Learning Objective EKC-1.2.II.D
Mestizos
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People of mixed European and Indigenous ancestry in the Spanish colonial caste system

Unit 1: Learning Objective EKC-1.2.II.D
Mulattoes
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People of mixed European and African ancestry in the Spanish colonial caste system

Unit 1: Learning Objective EKC-1.2.II.D
Zambos
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People of mixed Indigenous and African ancestry in the Spanish colonial caste system

Unit 1: Learning Objective EKC-1.2.II.D
Chattel Slavery in Spanish America
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Hereditary system in which enslaved Africans were treated as property and forced to labor especially in plantation agriculture and mining

Unit 1: Learning Objective EKC-1.2.II.C
Native Demographic Collapse
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Catastrophic population decline caused by disease, warfare, forced relocation, famine, and harsh labor, weakening Native societies and encouraging greater importation of enslaved Africans

Unit 1: Learning Objective EKC-1.2.II.C