AP®︎ US History: Topic 4.8 Flashcards

Democratic president from 1829 to 1837 who limited federal economic activism but strengthened the presidency, defended the Union, and enforced American Indian removal

Expansion of mass politics and participation for white men while women, most African Americans, and American Indians remained excluded

Jackson’s party, favoring limited federal economic intervention, states’ rights, expansion, opposition to concentrated privilege, and a strong popular president

Jackson’s practice of replacing some officeholders with party supporters, defended as democratic rotation but criticized as patronage and corruption

Jackson’s informal circle of advisers, criticized as evidence that he governed through personal loyalty rather than established institutions

Leading Whig who promoted the American System, supported the national bank, challenged Jackson, and negotiated the Compromise Tariff of 1833

Clay’s program combining a national bank, protective tariffs, and federally supported internal improvements to develop an integrated national economy

Government-supported transportation projects such as roads and canals; Whigs favored federal funding, while Democrats resisted routine funding of local projects

Jackson’s 1830 rejection of federal investment in a Kentucky road as local, constitutionally doubtful, and an improper federal expense

Import duties protecting American manufacturers but opposed by many southerners as raising prices and favoring northern industry

High protective tariff fiercely opposed in South Carolina that helped produce Calhoun’s nullification doctrine and the Nullification Crisis

Jackson’s vice president and South Carolina states’ rights theorist who developed nullification and later broke with Jackson

Calhoun’s anonymously written argument that a state convention could nullify an unconstitutional federal law

Theory that sovereign states created the Union and therefore retained authority to judge the constitutionality of federal actions

Claim that an individual state could declare a federal law unconstitutional and prevent its enforcement within the state

1830 Senate debate in which Hayne defended states’ rights and compact theory while Webster defended a perpetual Union created by the people

Massachusetts nationalist and leading Whig who defended the Union in the Webster–Hayne debate and supported the national bank and federal development

1832–1833 confrontation in which South Carolina nullified federal tariffs and Jackson defended federal supremacy while Clay arranged a tariff compromise

South Carolina’s 1832 declaration that the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were void within the state, with secession threatened if force was used

Jackson’s 1832 declaration denying that a state could unilaterally nullify federal law or secede from the Union

1833 law authorizing Jackson to use military force if necessary to collect federal customs duties in South Carolina

Clay’s settlement gradually reducing tariff rates, leading South Carolina to repeal its nullification ordinance

National bank that held federal deposits, issued credit, and regulated state banks, but was attacked by Jackson as unconstitutional privilege

1819 Supreme Court decision upholding Congress’s power to charter the national bank, a precedent Jackson disputed as binding on presidential judgment

President of the Second Bank who sought early recharter and later contracted credit during his struggle with Jackson

Political struggle in which Jackson vetoed the Bank’s recharter and removed federal deposits, ending the Second Bank and expanding presidential power

Jackson’s 1832 rejection of Bank recharter as privileged, dangerous, and unjust, asserting presidential authority to interpret the Constitution and public interest

Selected state banks that received new federal revenues after Jackson ordered deposits removed from the Second Bank

Jackson’s 1836 order requiring most federal land purchases to be paid in gold or silver, intended to restrain speculation but also tightening credit

Severe depression caused by unstable banking, speculation, falling cotton prices, British credit changes, and policies including the Bank War and Specie Circular

Federal policy coercively relocating eastern Native nations westward to open their lands to white settlement and plantation agriculture

Historical white term for the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole, the southeastern nations most directly targeted for removal

1830 law authorizing the president to arrange and fund exchanges of eastern Native lands for territory west of the Mississippi

1831 decision denying the Cherokee original jurisdiction as a foreign state while describing tribes as domestic dependent nations

1832 decision holding that Georgia law had no force in Cherokee territory and that Native relations belonged to federal authority

1835–1842 conflict in which Seminoles, Black Seminoles, and escaped enslaved people resisted removal from Florida

1832 conflict ending in the defeat of a group of Sauk and Meskwaki led by Black Hawk who attempted to return to lands east of the Mississippi

1835 treaty signed by a small Cherokee minority surrendering southeastern lands despite opposition from most Cherokee

Forced Cherokee removal to Indian Territory in 1838–1839 during which exposure, hunger, and disease killed roughly 4,000 people

Anti-Jackson party favoring congressional leadership, a national bank, protective tariffs, internal improvements, and restraints on presidential power

Whig portrayal of Jackson as a monarch who used vetoes, patronage, and executive control to subordinate Congress and other institutions

National competition between Democrats and Whigs from the late 1820s or early 1830s into the early 1850s

The Senate’s 1834 condemnation of Jackson for asserting unauthorized power in removing federal deposits; Democrats expunged it in 1837

Conflict following continued Creek dispossession that ended with federal suppression and the removal of many Creek people westward