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AP®︎ European History Study Guides

Prepare for your quiz, test, or the AP exam with comprehensive study guides that cover everything you need to know. Select a unit or topic to begin.

Unit 1: Renaissance and Exploration

All Topics
Complete Unit Review

Topic 1.1
Contextualizing Renaissance and Discovery

Topic 1.2
Italian Renaissance

Topic 1.3
Northern Renaissance

Topic 1.4
Printing

Topic 1.5
New Monarchies

Topic 1.6
Technological Advances and the Age of Exploration

Topic 1.7
Rivals on the World Stage

Topic 1.8
Colonial Expansion and Columbian Exchange

Topic 1.9
The Slave Trade

Topic 1.10
The Commercial Revolution

Topic 1.11
Causation in the Renaissance and Age of Discovery

Unit 2: Age of Reformation

All Topics
Complete Unit Review

Topic 2.1
Contextualizing 16th- and 17th-Century Challenges and Developments

Topic 2.2
Luther and the Protestant Reformation

Topic 2.3
Protestant Reform Continues

Topic 2.4
Wars of Religion

Topic 2.5
The Catholic Reformation

Topic 2.6
16th-Century Society and Politics

Topic 2.7
Art of the 16th Century: Mannerism and Baroque Art

Topic 2.8
Causation in the Age of Reformation and the Wars of Religion

Unit 3: Absolutism and Constitutionalism

All Topics
Complete Unit Review

Topic 3.1
Contextualizing State Building

Topic 3.2
The English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution

Topic 3.3
Continuities and Changes to Economic Practice and Development

Topic 3.4
Economic Development and Mercantilism

Topic 3.5
The Dutch Golden Age

Topic 3.6
Balance of Power

Topic 3.7
Absolutist Approaches to Power

Topic 3.8
Comparison in the Age of Absolutism and Constitutionalism

Unit 4: Scientific, Philosophical, and Political Developments

All Topics
Complete Unit Review

Topic 4.1
Contextualizing the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment

Topic 4.2
The Scientific Revolution

Topic 4.3
The Enlightenment

Topic 4.4
18th-Century Society and Demographics

Topic 4.5
18th-Century Culture and Arts

Topic 4.6
Enlightened and Other Approaches to Power

Topic 4.7
Causation in the Age of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment

Unit 5: Conflict, Crisis, and Reaction in the Late 18th Century

All Topics
Complete Unit Review

Topic 5.1
Contextualizing 18th-Century States

Topic 5.2
The Rise of Global Markets

Topic 5.3
Britain’s Ascendency

Topic 5.4
The French Revolution

Topic 5.5
The French Revolution’s Effects

Topic 5.6
Napoleon’s Rise, Dominance, and Defeat

Topic 5.7
The Congress of Vienna

Topic 5.8
Romanticism

Topic 5.9
Continuity and Change in 18th-Century States

Unit 6: Industrialization and Its Effects

All Topics
Complete Unit Review

Topic 6.1
Contextualizing Industrialization and Its Origins and Effects

Topic 6.2
The Spread of Industry Throughout Europe

Topic 6.3
Second Wave Industrialization and Its Effects

Topic 6.4
Social Effects of Industrialization

Topic 6.5
The Concert of Europe and European Conservatism

Topic 6.6
Reactions and Revolutions

Topic 6.7
Ideologies of Change and Reform Movements

Topic 6.8
19th-Century Social Reform

Topic 6.9
Institutional Responses and Reform

Topic 6.10
Causation in the Age of Industrialization

Unit 7: 19th-Century Perspectives and Political Developments

All Topics
Complete Unit Review

Topic 7.1
Contextualizing 19th-Century Perspectives and Political Developments

Topic 7.2
Nationalism

Topic 7.3
National Unification and Diplomatic Tensions

Topic 7.4
Darwinism, Social Darwinism

Topic 7.5
The Age of Progress and Modernity

Topic 7.6
New Imperialism: Motivations and Methods

Topic 7.7
Imperialism’s Global Effects

Topic 7.8
19th-Century Culture and Arts

Topic 7.9
Causation in 19th-Century Perspectives and Political Developments

Unit 8: 20th-Century Global Conflicts

All Topics
Complete Unit Review

Topic 8.1
Contextualizing 20th-Century Global Conflicts

Topic 8.2
World War I

Topic 8.3
The Russian Revolution and Its Effects

Topic 8.4
Versailles Conference and Peace Settlement

Topic 8.5
Global Economic Crisis

Topic 8.6
Fascism and Totalitarianism

Topic 8.7
Europe During the Interwar Period

Topic 8.8
World War II

Topic 8.9
The Holocaust

Topic 8.10
20th-Century Cultural, Intellectual, and Artistic Developments

Topic 8.11
Continuity and Changes in an Age of Global Conflict

Unit 9: Cold War and Contemporary Europe

All Topics
Complete Unit Review

Topic 9.1
Contextualizing Cold War and Contemporary Europe

Topic 9.2
Rebuilding Europe

Topic 9.3
The Cold War

Topic 9.4
Two Super Powers Emerge

Topic 9.5
Postwar Nationalism, Ethnic Conflict, and Atrocities

Topic 9.6
Contemporary Western Democracies

Topic 9.7
The Fall of Communism

Topic 9.8
20th-Century Feminism

Topic 9.9
Decolonization

Topic 9.10
The European Union

Topic 9.11
Migration and Immigration

Topic 9.12
Technology

Topic 9.13
Globalization

Topic 9.14
20th- and 21st-Century Culture, Arts, and Demographic Trends

Topic 9.15
Continuity and Change in the 20th and 21st Centuries

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