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AP®︎ Environmental Science Study Guides

Prepare for your quiz, test, or the AP exam with comprehensive study guides that cover everything you need to know. Select a unit or topic to begin.

Unit 1: The Living World: Ecosystems

All Topics
Complete Unit Review

Topic 1.1
Introduction to Ecosystems

Topic 1.2
Terrestrial Biomes

Topic 1.3
Aquatic Biomes

Topic 1.4
The Carbon Cycle

Topic 1.5
The Nitrogen Cycle

Topic 1.6
The Phosphorus Cycle

Topic 1.7
The Hydrologic (Water) Cycle

Topic 1.8
Primary Productivity

Topic 1.9
Trophic Levels

Topic 1.10
Energy Flow and the 10% Rule

Topic 1.11
Food Chains and Food Webs

Unit 2: The Living World: Biodiversity

All Topics
Complete Unit Review

Topic 2.1
Introduction to Biodiversity

Topic 2.2
Ecosystem Services

Topic 2.3
Island Biogeography

Topic 2.4
Ecological Tolerance

Topic 2.5
Natural Disruptions to Ecosystems

Topic 2.6
Adaptations

Topic 2.7
Ecological Succession

Unit 3: Populations

All Topics
Complete Unit Review

Topic 3.1
Generalist and Specialist Species

Topic 3.2
K-Selected r-Selected Species

Topic 3.3
Survivorship Curves

Topic 3.4
Carrying Capacity

Topic 3.5
Population Growth and Resource Availability

Topic 3.6
Age Structure Diagrams

Topic 3.7
Total Fertility Rate

Topic 3.8
Human Population Dynamics

Topic 3.9
Demographic Transition

Unit 4: Earth Systems and Resources

All Topics
Complete Unit Review

Topic 4.1
Plate Tectonics

Topic 4.2
Soil Formation and Erosion

Topic 4.3
Soil Composition and Properties

Topic 4.4
Earth’s Atmosphere

Topic 4.5
Global Wind Patterns

Topic 4.6
Watersheds

Topic 4.7
Solar Radiation and Earth’s Seasons

Topic 4.8
Earth’s Geography and Climate

Topic 4.9
El Niño and La Niña

Unit 5: Land and Water Use

All Topics
Complete Unit Review

Topic 5.1
The Tragedy of the Commons

Topic 5.2
Clearcutting

Topic 5.3
The Green Revolution

Topic 5.4
Impact of Agricultural Practices

Topic 5.5
Irrigation Methods

Topic 5.6
Pest Control Methods

Topic 5.7
Meat Production Methods

Topic 5.8
Impacts of Overfishing

Topic 5.9
Impacts of Mining

Topic 5.10
Impacts of Urbanization

Topic 5.11
Ecological Footprints

Topic 5.12
Introduction to Sustainability

Topic 5.13
Methods to Reduce Urban Runoff

Topic 5.14
Integrated Pest Management

Topic 5.15
Sustainable Agriculture

Topic 5.16
Aquaculture

Topic 5.17
Sustainable Forestry

Unit 6: Energy Resources and Consumption

All Topics
Complete Unit Review

Topic 6.1
Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources

Topic 6.2
Global Energy Consumption

Topic 6.3
Fuel Types and Uses

Topic 6.4
Distribution of Natural Energy Resources

Topic 6.5
Fossil Fuels

Topic 6.6
Nuclear Power

Topic 6.7
Energy from Biomass

Topic 6.8
Solar Energy

Topic 6.9
Hydroelectric Power

Topic 6.10
Geothermal Energy

Topic 6.11
Hydrogen Fuel Cell

Topic 6.12
Wind Energy

Topic 6.13
Energy Conservation

Unit 7: Atmospheric Pollution

All Topics
Complete Unit Review

Topic 7.1
Introduction to Air Pollution

Topic 7.2
Photochemical Smog

Topic 7.3
Thermal Inversion

Topic 7.4
Atmospheric CO₂ and Particulates

Topic 7.5
Indoor Air Pollutants

Topic 7.6
Reduction of Air Pollutants

Topic 7.7
Acid Rain

Topic 7.8
Noise Pollution

Unit 8: Aquatic and Terrestrial Pollution

All Topics
Complete Unit Review

Topic 8.1
Sources of Pollution

Topic 8.2
Human Impacts on Ecosystems

Topic 8.3
Endocrine Disruptors

Topic 8.4
Human Impacts on Wetlands and Mangroves

Topic 8.5
Eutrophication

Topic 8.6
Thermal Pollution

Topic 8.7
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)

Topic 8.8
Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification

Topic 8.9
Solid Waste Disposal

Topic 8.10
Waste Reduction Methods

Topic 8.11
Sewage Treatment

Topic 8.12
Lethal Dose 50% (LD50)

Topic 8.13
Dose Response Curve

Topic 8.14
Pollution and Human Health

Topic 8.15
Pathogens and Infectious Diseases

Unit 9: Global Change

All Topics
Complete Unit Review

Topic 9.1
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

Topic 9.2
Reducing Ozone Depletion

Topic 9.3
The Greenhouse Effect

Topic 9.4
Increases in the Greenhouse Gases

Topic 9.5
Global Climate Change

Topic 9.6
Ocean Warming

Topic 9.7
Ocean Acidification

Topic 9.8
Invasive Species

Topic 9.9
Endangered Species

Topic 9.10
Human Impacts on Biodiversity

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